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Opening the Drawn Curtain: Decoding the Gendered Personhood of the ‘Woman Poet’ in Persian Poetry

Of all the many ways in which literature can be delineated and categorized, distinctions along…

Footnotes

1
Farzaneh Milani, Words and Veils: The Emerging Voices of the Iranian Women Writers (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1992), 11
2
Andrew Ashfield, “Introduction,” Romantic Women Poets 1770–1838, edited by Andrew Ashfield (Manchester, 1995), xii
3
For British female poetry canon formation, see Terry, Richard. “Making the Female Canon,” ed. Terry, Richard, Poetry and the Making of the English Literary Past: 1660-1781 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 252-285. For a similar discussion in the Persianate context, see Farzaneh, Milani. “Words and Veils: The Emerging Voices of the Iranian Women Writers (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1992).
4
D. P. Brookshaw, “Women in Praise of Women: Female Poets and Female Patrons in Qajar Iran,” Iranian Studies, vol. 46, no. 1 (2013), 18-19.
5
See Sunil Sharma, “From ʿĀesha to Nur Jahān,” 155.
6
Sharma, “From ʿĀesha to Nur Jahān,” 156.
7
Maria Szuppe, “The Female Intellectual Milieu in Timurid and Post-Timurid Herāt: Faxri Heravi’s Biography of Poetesses, “Javāher Al-‘Ajāyeb,” Oriente Moderno (1996), vol. 15, no. 76, p. 119-137.
8
Sunil Sharma, “From ʿĀesha to Nur Jahān: The Shaping of a Classical Persian Poetic Canon of Women,” Journal of Persiante Studies 2 (2009), 152.
9
Maria Szuppe, “The Female Intellectual Milieu in Timurid Period,” 123.
10
To read more on Farrokhzad’s poetry, see Farzaneh Milani, “Love and Sexuality in the Poetry of Forugh Farrokhzad: A Reconsideration,” Iranian Studies, 1982, vol. 15, no. 1/4 (1982), 117-128.
11
Farzaneh Milani, Words and Veils: The Emerging Voices of the Iranian Women Writers (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1992), 11.
12
Milani, Words and Veils, 11.
13
Milani, Words and Veils, 11.
14
Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990), p.44
15
Farzaneh Milani, Veils and Words, 11-12.
16
Luce Irigaray, This Sex Which is Not One (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1977), 211.
17
Judith Butler, “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory,” Feminist Critical Theory and Theatre, ed. Sue-Ellen Case (Baltimore: John Hopkins, UP, 1990), 273.
18
Farid al-Din Attar Neishabouri, Elāhināmeh, ed. Mohammadreza Shafi‘i Kadkani (Tehran: Sokhan, 2008), 371.
19
Sunil Sharma, “From ʿĀesha to Nur Jahān,” 151.
20
Safoura Nourbakhsh, “The Costly Transgression: Woman as Lover in Sufi Discourse,” Sufi Journal of Mystical Philosophy and Practice, no. 98 (Winter Issue, 2020), 37-41.
21
Noor Al-din Muhammad ‘Awfi Bukhari, Lubāb Al-bāb (Persian Edition), ed. Edward Browne (London-Leyden, 1930), entry 51, page 61.
22
Dick Davis, Mirror of My Heart: A Thousand Years of Persian Poetry by Women (Washington D.C, Mage Publishers, 2019), xxii.
23
Davis, Mirror of My Heart, xxiii-xxiv.
24
Farid al-Din Attar Neishabouri, Elāhināmeh, ed. Mohammadreza Shafi‘i Kadkani (Tehran: Sokhan, 2008), 371.
25
Nourbakhsh, “The Costly Transgression,” 41.
26
Attar, Ilāhināmah, 371-372.
27
Attar, Ilāhināmah, 372.
28
Julie Scott Meisami, Medieval Persian Court Poetry (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987), Ch.1.
29
Attar, Ilāhināmah, 384.
30
Attar, Ilāhināmah, 384.
31
Attar, Ilāhināmah, 372.
32
Attar, Ilāhināmah, 379.
33
Attar, Ilāhināmah, 379.
34
Attar, Ilāhināmah, 379.
35
Abdul Rahman Jami, Nafahat al-uns (Tehran: Ketabforushi-ye Mahmoudi, 1957), 629.
36
Farid al-Din Attar, cited in Annemarie Schimmel’s introduction to Margaret Smith, Rabi‘a the Mystic and Her Fellow-Saints in Islam (London: Cambridge University Press, 1984), xxxvi. For more information on Rabeʿeh Al Adawiya and her mythologization, see Rkia Elaroui Cornell, Rabi’a: From Narrative to Myth (London: Oneworld Academic, 2019).
37
Farid al-Din Attar, cited in Reuben Levy, The Social Structure of Islam (London: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 132.
38
Davis, Mirror of My Heart, 6-7.
39
Sarah Ahmad, Living a Feminist Life, Ch. 8.
40
Davis, Mirror of My Heart, 6-7.
41
Davis, Mirror of My Heart, 6-7.
42
Forugh Farrokhzad, “Sin”, translated by Dick Davis, Mirror of My heart, p.366-367
43
Forugh Farrokhzad, “Sin”, translated by Dick Davis, Mirror of My heart, p.366-367
44
Susan Brown sets forward a useful conceptualization of the category of “poetess” in her article about Victorian poetess. See, Susan Brown, “The Victorian Poetess,” in The Cambridge Companion to Victorian Poetry, ed. Joseph Bristow (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 184-186.